What is the size of a horse head?

What is included in the physical exam of the penis?

Examine the penis and prepuce both manually and visually. Grasp the shaft of the penis just behind the glans. Examine the urethral process for lesions and the associated structures for debris or other foreign material. The examination continues up the shaft where any injuries, scars or other lesions are noted.

What is the shape of the scrotum?

The scrotum’s skin is soft and pliable with a greasy texture due to sebaceous glands. The scrotum is important in thermoregulation of the testicles. The testes are ovoid structures, measuring 8 to 12 cm long by 6 to 7 cm high by 5 cm wide.

What should be included in a physical exam for erectile dysfunction?

This examination should include a thorough physical examination; palpation and ultrasound of the scrotum, testes, and spermatic cords; careful inspection of the erect penis and sheath; and rectal examination with ultrasound of the accessory glands.

How many layers of scrotum does a horse have?

The wall of the scrotum is composed of four layers. From the outside inward, these layers are the skin, a muscle layer (called the tunica dartos), Create a free account with TheHorse.com to view this content.

How long does it take to examine a horse?

With a little practice, one can examine the horse in less than 5 minutes using a systematic method of examination. A complete examination involves two parts: an examination of the horse at rest and in motion. Choose an open area such as a large box stall or wide alley way.

How do you assess a horse for exercise?

The horse is normally also trotted on a small diameter circle on a firm surface to detect subtle lameness issues. Stage 3: Observation of the horse performing strenuous exercise, normally under saddle. This allows further evaluation of the way the horse moves and assessment of the heart and respiratory systems’ response to exertion.

How do horses get their testicles out?

In some horses the opening in the abdominal wall (inguinal canal) through which the testicles descend into the scrotum is large or flexible. In these horses the intestines and other abdominal tissue can pass through the inguinal opening and out the incision (herniation).

What are the two main functions of the testes?

Two main functions: spermatogenesis, which takes place in the seminiferous tubules of the testes; and hormone production, which takes place in the testes between the seminiferous tubule . In interstitial cells which are under the influence of LH from the anterior pituitary. LH in the male stimulates these cells to make testosterone.

What structures do spermatozoa pass through from Site of production?

What structures do spermatozoa pass through from their site of production to their eventual deposition in the female reproductive tract? Seminiferous tubules in testes to epididymus to vas deferens to urethra.

What is the function of spermatogenesis and hormone production?

Two main functions: spermatogenesis, which takes place in the seminiferous tubules of the testes; and hormone production, which takes place in the testes between the seminiferous tubule . In interstitial cells which are under the influence of LH from the anterior pituitary.

Why is the reproductive system important to an individual animal?

The reproductive system serves to ensure the survival of the species, not the survival of the individual animal. Other body systems are there to help the survival of the individual. Why is the reproductive system of an individual animal considered only half a system?

What is the scrotum of a horse like?

The scrotum in the horse is a pliable and thin-skinned pouch with a fine layer of short hair, numerous sweat glands, and the thick muscular layer (tunica dartos). The scrotum is usually darkly pigmented.

What are the 4 layers of the scrotum?

The Scrotum. The wall of the scrotum consists of four layers: (1) skin, (2) tunica dartos, (3) scrotal fascia, and (4) parietal vaginal tunic.3-6 The scrotal skin is thin, generally hairless, and slightly oily, containing numerous sebaceous and sweat glands, which assist in testis thermoregulation.

What is a physical examination?

Physical examination or clinical examination is the process by which a health care provider investigates the body of a patient for signs of disease. It generally follows the taking of the medical history — an account of the symptoms as experienced by the patient.

How often should you check your horse for signs of disease?

Checking Your Horse for Signs of Disease. Your veterinary surgeon should carry out a general health check on your horse at least once a year but as owners we can check our horses on a daily basis to ensure that any signs of disease or discomfort are identified early.

What is spermatogenesis in horses?

Spermatogenesis is a complicated process involving communication between the testicles and two parts of the brain: the hypothalamus and the pituitary. Several hormones are involved in the production and maturation of spermatozoa, the male sex drive and copulation (Fig. 4.12). 19,20 Fig. 4.12 Hormone production and control in the male horse.

Which of the following hormones stimulates sperm production?

Follicle-stimulating hormone – produced by the pituitary gland, stimulates sperm production. Luteinizing hormone and testosterone – necessary for completing the process of sperm production.

What is the difference between spermatozoa and oocytes?

There are several differences: 1)Many more sperm are produced compared to oocytes (eggs). 2)Spermatozoa are produced continuously, but a female animal is born with a specified and limited number of (immature) oocytes.

Why is the reproductive system important to animals?

The reproductive system provides the mechanism for the recombination of genetic material that allows for change and adaptation. Manipulation of this system in breeding management programs allows the rapid and dramatic alteration of the conformation and productivity of domestic animals.

Which male sex hormone is required for spermatogenesis?

The male sex hormone is called testosterone and this hormone is required for spermatogenesis. Testosterone is a steroid hormone that is produced in the leydig cells within the testes.

How many testes are in the scrotum?

Testes – There are two testes enclosed in the scrotum. The testes produce sperm cells and the male sex hormone testosterone. The testes should move freely within the scrotal sac and should be the same size, shape and texture (although the right is often slightly smaller than the left).

What is the outermost layer of the skin of a horse?

Outer-most layer is the scrotal skin, which contains many sweat glands, thermosensitive receptors and sympathetic nerves. The tunica dartos is a smooth muscle layer found below the skin of the scrotum. In horses, this muscle forms a septum which divides the scrotal sac into right and left compartments.

How many sacs are there in the scrotum?

There are two sacs, one surrounding each testicle, and they are separated by a septum. The scrotum has four layers: • The skin. This has minimal underlying fat and has an abundant supply of sweat glands, which are important in the thermoregulation of the testicles.

What is the scrotum made of?

The scrotum is an outpouching of the skin from the inguinal region. There are two sacs, one surrounding each testicle, and they are separated by a septum. The scrotum has four layers: • The skin. This has minimal underlying fat and has an abundant supply of sweat glands, which are important in the thermoregulation of the testicles.

How do I know if my horse is sick?

You should monitor your horse regularly for signs of illness, such as during daily feeding and grooming times. General signs of illness include a lack of appetite, diarrhea, coughing and sneezing, or a discharge from the eyes or nose.

What are the aspects of spermatogenesis?

The aim of this study was discuss about the aspects of spermatogenesis, and the facts that may influence its occurrence. Spermatogenesis is the process of cell division and cell differentiation by with spermatozoa are produced in testes. Efficiency of spermatogenesis in stallions is influenced by… Spermatogenesis in horses.