How do you give an IM injection to a horse?

How much aspirin to give a horse for thrombosis?

At a dose of 50 IU/kg BW, q24h, LMWH decreases the incidence of jugular thrombosis compared to treatment with UH in horses having colic surgery (68). Aspirin at a dose of 20 mL/kg BW every other day is also recommended for the treatment of thrombophlebitis to inhibit platelet activation and aggregation (30).

How many jugular veins does a horse have?

There are two jugular veins, found in the right and left jugular furrow of the lower third of the side of the neck. The jugular veins carry blood from a horse’s head back to its heart. A jugular vein can be damaged by poor intravenous (IV) injection technique, or irritation from an IV catheter used during veterinary treatment.

What causes a hard jugular vein in dogs?

A jugular vein can be damaged by poor intravenous (IV) injection technique, or irritation from an IV catheter used during veterinary treatment. A hard or “corded” jugular vein indicates blockage of the vein by a clot (thrombosis).

Is low dose aspirin effective for antithrombotic therapy in horses?

The results show that low dose aspirin has a potential role in antithrombotic therapy in horses although the relationship between skin bleeding time in normal horses and improvement of clinical conditions requires further research and evaluation in clinical trials.

Where is the jugular vein in a horse?

The jugular vein carries blood from a horse’s head back to its heart. It is located within the jugular groove, on the lower side of the horse’s neck. In a normal horse, the jugular vein is a collapsed “balloon” – it is not filled with blood visibly and should not visibly pulsate.

What happens if a horse has a jugular vein infection?

Then sometimes they can develop a thrombosis, which is a blood clot within the jugular vein. If that clot is infected it can feed bacteria elsewhere in the body, and it can be pretty serious. But there are horses that have a (thrombosed) jugular permanently, and they do fine after the infection has cleared out.

What causes a distention of the jugular vein?

This type affects the heart, breathing function, and can cause a distention of the jugular vein. These are tumors that have formed in extranodal sites, and can include organs like the spleen and heart, nasal passages and sinuses, mouth, and eyes. Many eye conditions such as conjunctiva, sclera and uveitis can be indicative of this kind of lymphoma.

What is thrombosis of the jugular vein?

As already noticed, thrombosis of the jugular vein was a disease of common occurrence in the days of indiscriminate blood -letting and unclean surgical practice as pursued before the advent of antiseptic surgery when phlebitis frequently followed the operation.

How do NSAIDs help horses with pain?

Many painful conditions have an inflammatory component, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have historically been the foundation of equine pain management. NSAIDs inhibit the cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes and decrease the release of prostaglandins and thromboxane, thereby interfering with the inflammatory cascade.

Can heparin be used to treat Xa in horses?

Unfortunately, the anti-Xa assay used in that study is not routinely available in veterinary laboratories. Heparin is also used in horses to prevent thrombosis in patients at risk, but dosage regimens are based on extrapolation from other animals or people, or clinical opinion.

Is aspirin an effective antiplatelet agent?

Antiplatelet drugs in veterinary medicine are limited to aspirin and clopidogrel. We have good evidence for effectiveness of clopidogrel, but the value of aspirin as an antiplatelet agent is being questioned.

Can you give a horse a heparin shot?

Heparin is also used in horses to prevent thrombosis in patients at risk, but dosage regimens are based on extrapolation from other animals or people, or clinical opinion. Heparin is definitely not a drug for which one dose fits all.

Where can a venous catheter be placed in a horse?

Describes procedure for placing an indwelling catheter in the jugular vein of horses. Considerations a. Most common site for venous catheterization is the jugular vein; other sites include the transverse facial, cephalic, and saphenous veins.

What is a jugular vein in a horse?

The jugular veins carry blood from a horse’s head back to its heart. A jugular vein can be damaged by poor intravenous (IV) injection technique, or irritation from an IV catheter used during veterinary treatment.

What causes jugular vein occlusion in horses?

Background: Thrombophlebitis and thrombosis are the most common causes of jugular vein occlusion in horses. Medical and surgical treatments aim to recanalize the occluded vessel and reduce proximal venous congestion and edema.

What is the echogenicity of jugular vein thrombosis?

Jugular vein thrombosis, a complication of infection, neoplasia, or venous catheter placement, may appear as a solid intraluminal mass of low to moderate echogenicity. Acute thrombi have minimal inherent echogenicity, however, and even total occlusion may appear normal on two-dimensional images.

Can a horse have too many platelets?

Congenital platelet disorders are rare in horses. Several acquired thrombocytopenias causing decreases in platelets in the bloodstream are reported in horses. Numerous causes have been identified, most involving the immune system. Thrombocytosis (having too many platelets in the blood) is rare.

Is clotting disease in animals inherited or acquired?

Acquired clotting diseases are more common in animals than are inherited disorders. Blood clotting tests can help identify animals with defective clotting proteins. However, the tests are not very sensitive, so an animal must have a severe deficiency for the tests to find the problem.

What is heparin used for in horses?

1 Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus. Heparin is used clinically in horses to treat hemostatic abnormalities associated with severe gastrointestinal disease, septicemia, and endotoxemia.

How does heparin interact with antithrombin and Factor Xa?

Heparin interacts with antithrombin (AT) to increase its affinity for its target serine protease coagulation factors, particularly thrombin (Factor IIa) and Factor Xa. The A domain of heparin, a specific pentasaccharide sequence, binds to AT. Once bound, the AT-Factor complex is cleared from circulation.

What are the clinical uses of plasma heparin in horses?

These authors discuss the various clinical uses that include jugular vein thrombosis, laminitis, and complications from surgery. The pharmacokinetics in horses are nonlinear and the activity cannot be predicted from plasma heparin pharmacokinetics (McCann et al., 1995).

What is a heparin anti-Xa assay?

Heparin anti-Xa assays measure the patient’s circulating levels of heparin based on specific inhibition of Factor X. High anti-Xa activity indicates high heparin anticoagulant effect. Target anti-Xa ranges developed for people can offer guidelines for animals.

What kind of pain medication can I give my Horse?

Common Drug Classes Used for Pain Management in Horses Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) Common NSAIDs include phenylbutazone, flunixin meglumine, aspirin, meloxicam and firocoxib. When tissue is damaged or injured many types of chemicals are released.

What are anticoagulant and antiplatelet drugs?

Anticoagulant and antiplatelet drugs are the cornerstones of the management of these diseases. To prevent the recurrence of these diseases, double antiplatelet drugs such as aspirin and clopidogrel has been the standard management in most hospitals.

What is the best antiplatelet agent for heart disease?

One antiplatelet agent is aspirin. Almost everyone with coronary artery disease, including those who have had a heart attack, stent, or CABG are treated with aspirin for the rest of their lives.

What are the different types of antiplatelet agents?

One antiplatelet agent is aspirin. Almost everyone with coronary artery disease, including those who have had a heart attack, stent, or CABG are treated with aspirin for the rest of their lives. A second type of antiplatelet agent, called a P2Y 12 inhibitor, is usually prescribed for months or years in addition to the aspirin therapy.