How do we influence the media AP Gov?

How did horses change the way people work?

However, horses did make working more efficient. They would make farming easier because the Americas still did not invent the wheel. What they would do was, they would get farming tools strapped around them. For example they would pull a plow.

How does your horse’s personality affect your riding?

Your horse’s set of skills and its personality will vastly affect the riding experience, its behaviour and reactions to the world. Breed horses and see the foal develop into a fully grown horse. Breed two horses and the foal will inherit both looks and stats from its parents.

How did horses change the lives of the Plains Indians?

Horses changed the lives of the Plains Indians in many ways. Two of the most important have to do with transport and economics. The coming of horses allowed the Indians to transport larger amounts of goods. The horses could pull much larger loads on travois than dogs or people could.

What role did horses play in the development of Transportation?

For example, before modern transportation was invented, horses served as the only way to get from point A to point B in a relatively short amount of time.   During wars, they were an essential resource, pulling heavy guns, carrying the wounded and dying to hospitals, and for mounted cavalry charges.

What are psychological stresses in horses?

Psychological stresses are based on a horse’s personality and its perception of life. For example, some horses are more stressed than others by being in a stall for long periods of time.

What did the Plains Indians live in?

The Plains Indians lived in the Great Plains, the American Breadbasket, for centuries before it became known for its fertile fields. A nomadic people, the various tribes of the Plains Indians lived mostly by hunting buffalo, which provided them with food, hides for their clothing, shelter, and a variety of other uses.

How many horses did it take to move an Indian family?

Indian warriors who could steal horses were valued, counting coup in the process. These men became more important as horses became an important part of Indian culture. It took an average of five horses to move an Indian family as each horse could pull a travois holding 300 pounds of goods.

How do environmental conditions affect the stress response of competition horses?

Thus, optimal environmental conditions, to maintain the horse at a high performance level, are those that facilitate the behavioral needs of the species, thus reducing the risk of a chronic stress situation. Other potential sources of stress for the competition horse include transportation [ 85] and over-exercise.

Why study stress management in equine athletes?

The basis for research studies involving stress management for equine athletes is to reach a goal that all horseowners should strive for: the promotion of management techniques which allow the horse to perform to its maximum genetic potential, under humane conditions.

How does your horse respond to stress?

The response to stress can be described in two ways; How the individual horse tries to minimise stress once their stress threshold has been reached; this response is determined by their coping style 14.

What are the different types of stress in horses?

Some types of stress include various physical stresses that are based on the physical makeup of the animal and its ability to respond to changes in diet, injury, etc. Psychological stresses are based on a horse’s personality and its perception of life.

What is the role of psychological stress in horse adrenal response?

It is recognized that the amount of psychological stress that an animal encounters determines the degree of response of the pituitary-adrenal axis. In athletes, the added emotive stress of competition is an important element in the adrenal response. However, the role of psychological stress in horses remains unclear.

How does stress affect a horse’s sport performance?

Horse temperament and behavior affect stress responses and their sport performance. A strategy for breeding of sport horses should include consideration of stress. Because of its physical and physiological characteristics, the horse has a natural predisposition for use in sport.

What are the most common stereotypies in horses?

The most common stereotypies in horses are: 1) Crib-biting – the horse grasps on a hard surface, arches his neck, pulls back and sucks in air. 2) Wind sucking – similar to crib-biting but the horse sucks in air without grasping onto a surface. 3) Box walking – the horse continuously paces or walks in circles around their stable.

What is the function of ACTH in horses?

ACTH causes the release of glucocorticoids from the adrenal gland. The primary glucocorticoid secreted in horses is cortisol. Cortisol acts to assist the animal in relieving stress by increasing glucose metabolism to provide energy which enables the horse to escape from the stress.

What hormone causes stress in horses?

In turn, the adrenal glands release cortisol, the penultimate “stress hormone,” which spreads throughout the body and causes the classic physiological features of stress. Considering horse-to-horse variability, how do you know if your horse is actually experiencing stress?

How does riding a horse improve sport performance?

These studies highlight a key factor that could bias stress and hence sport performance, as a well-balanced rider–horse combination can result in improved animal behavior, thereby reducing the stress associated with the sport competition and the possible accidents that it may cause [102], [103]. 4.4. Health and Reproductive Ability

What makes a horse a good sport performer?

Factors that make a horse a good sport performer can be influenced by stress. Stress can bias the sporting ability of horses. Stress responses are affected by the type of sporting activity/discipline. Horse temperament and behavior affect stress responses and their sport performance.

How do environmental conditions affect the behavior of a competition horse?

Thus, optimal environmental conditions, to maintain the horse at a high performance level, are those that facilitate the behavioral needs of the species, thus reducing the risk of a chronic stress situation. Other potential sources of stress for the competition horse include transportation [85] and over-exercise.

Can you stop stereotypes in horses?

Unfortunately, once a horse begins engaging in stereotypic behavior, getting it to stop can be extremely difficult. Past experience and research show that attempting to block stereotypies doesn’t work. Researchers and horsemen agree that maximizing the horse’s welfare is the most effective way of preventing stereotypic behaviors.

Are equine stereotypies being connected to poor welfare and/or the environment?

There are strong suggestions that equine stereotypies are being connected to poor welfare and a sub- optimal management and/or stabling environment. Until today different forms of equine stereotypic behaviors have been described. Crib-biting, weaving, and box-walking are considered the most prevalent.

Can stereotypic horse behavior predict cognitive underperformance?

We conclude that cognitive underperformance may occur in stereotypic horses if they are prevented from crib-biting to cope with experienced stress.” Stereotypies are repetitive behaviors with no apparent goal or function. Common stereotypies include crib-biting, weaving, and stall-walking.

How often should I monitor my horse’s ACTH levels?

Once a horse is on Prascend and their ACTH levels are maintained in the normal range, they will need to be monitored twice a year for their ACTH levels. Occasionally, when first starting Prascend, inappetence (or unwillingness to eat) occurs and usually will resolve.

Why is my horse’s ACTH level so high?

Therefore if a horse is stressed when the blood is taken, it could be ACTH from the PD, i.e. a normal stress response, that causes ACTH to be above levels considered normal, or it could be ACTH from the PI indicating PPID, or it could be a bit of both. Some medicines increase ACTH, e.g clenbuterol (Ventipulmin).

What is ACTH in horses?

ACTH, adrenocorticotropic hormone, is produced by the pituitary gland. It’s function is to trigger cortisol release from the adrenal gland. Every year in the fall there is a temporary increase in the amount of ACTH produced. For most horses this is a relatively small increase and does not cause any problems.

What is the pituitary gland in a horse called?

The pituitary gland in the horse is divided into 3 main hormone releasing sections. Both the pars distalis (PD) and the pars intermedia (PI) produce ACTH, although in healthy horses, hardly any ACTH is produced by the pars intermedia.