How do I get my African cichlids to breed?

What is the PMID for the species flocks of East African cichlids?

PMID 10766579. ^ Salzburger, Walter; Meyer, Axel (June 2004). “The species flocks of East African cichlid fishes: recent advances in molecular phylogenetics and population genetics”. Naturwissenschaften. 91 (6): 277–90. Bibcode: 2004NW…..91..277S. doi: 10.1007/s00114-004-0528-6. PMID 15241604. S2CID 5816449.

Do cichlid orthologous sequence clusters show premature stop codons in medaka?

We obtained 1,409 clusters of fully overlapping orthologous sequences across AB, OV, tilapia, and medaka that included only ORFs. Inspection of the alignments revealed 191 clusters in which premature stop codons were present in one or more cichlid species but not in medaka.

Is Medaka similar to cichlids in DN/dsvalue?

The branch leading to medaka also showed a dN/dSvalue similar to that of cichlids; however, individual values of dNand dSwere extremely low (<10−4), impeding a reliable estimate of the ratio. Positively Selected Genes

What is the free-ratio of cichlid evolution?

According to the free-ratio model, the branches within the cichlid clade evolved with at least as twice as large dN/dS(0.1269–0.1607) compared with the branch at the base of the clade (0.0687) (fig. 2).

What are ABAB and OV cichlids?

AB and OV are representatives of two main evolutionary cichlid lineages (tribes) from East Africa, the modern haplochromines and the more basal group of the ectodines, respectively (see, e.g., Salzburger et al. 2002, 2005). The two lineages are thought to have diverged several millions of years ago (Salzburger et al. 2005; Koblmuller et al. 2008).

Can cichlids determine their social rank by observation?

“Field observation on death feigning: a unique hunting behavior by the predatory cichlid, Haplochromis livingstoni, of Lake Malawi”. Environmental Biology of Fishes. 6 (3–4): 361–365. doi: 10.1007/BF00005766. S2CID 24244576. ^ a b Shwartz, Mark (25 January 2007). “Study: Cichlids can determine their social rank by observation”. Stanford University.

What is the phylogeny of African cichlids?

Cichlid phylogeny The cichlid phylogeny based on cytochrome bsequences supported three monophyletic groups of African cichlid species: substrate-brooders Hemichromis, mouthbrooders Sarotherodonand Oreochromis, and substrate-brooder Tilapia. The third group contains East African cichlid species.

How many fish species are in the phylogenetic phylum Cichlidae?

Phylogenetic analyses were based on partial cytochrome bsequences including 24 fish species as ingroup (i.e. Cichlidae of Africa, Madagascar and South America), and Cymatogaster, Etheostomaand Halichoeresas outgroup (Cichlidae of North America and Western Pacific selected following Farias et al. [14]).

Are all East African cichlids mouthbrooders?

While mouthbrooding is almost the norm in East African cichlids, it is not limited to cichlids. For example, two species of bagrid catfish found in Lake Tanganyika, Phyllonemus filinemus and Phyllonemus typus, are also biparental mouthbrooders.

How did mouthbrooding evolve in cichlids?

Substrate spawning with biparental care is widely considered to be the ancestral state in cichlids. Mouthbrooding has evolved several times in cichlids, with biparental mouthbrooding evolving first, then uniparental mouthbrooding.

How did fish evolve from coral?

Fish may have evolved from a creature similar to a coral-like sea squirt, whose larvae resemble primitive fish in important ways. The first ancestors of fish may have kept the larval form into adulthood (as some sea squirts do today), although perhaps the reverse is the case.

How difficult is phylogeny of cichlids?

Cichlids have proved particularly troublesome for reconstructing phylogeny. Much evolution in various lines of cichlids has occurred in short periods of time, making the job of figuring out which species came from which others rather difficult. Here, I present Melanie Stiassny’s 1991 phylogeny of the major groups of cichlids.

How many cytochrome bsequences are in a cichlid phylogeny?

Host phylogeny An unambiguous alignment of cytochrome bsequences from cichlids spanned 342 positions. All analyses yielded congruent topologies among the phylogenetic trees. The MP analysis resulted in 2 equally parsimonious trees of 777 steps (CI = 0.319, RI = 0.447).

Are fish stocks increasing in the Nile River?

They have in fact increased for local fisherfolk due to a switch to other target species, including Nile perch. It is not certain how fish stock balances will adjust themselves in the long term, but a multispecies fishery may still be maintained.

What is a corallivorous fish?

Some fishes have an ‘obligate’ association with their coral prey, meaning the majority of their diet is centred on coral, and approximately one third of all corallivorous fishes fall in to this category. Other corallivorous fishes include coral as measurable part of their diet but also utilise other food items.

Do ichthyologists need a phylogenetic framework for classifications?

A brief review of the main criteria used by ichthyologists to define their classifications during the last 50 years, however, reveals slow progress towards using an explicit phylogenetic framework.

Can reef cichlids live with other fish?

These fish have a milder temperament and can live in a community tank with other species that share similar water parameters. Just watch the behavior of males around breeding time as aggression can peak toward other males, even those of related species. Taiwan reef cichlids reach seven inches (18 cm) in length when fully grown.

How did the Nile River affect ancient Egypt?

About 900 miles of the great river flows through Egypt proper. The Egyptians lived by the annual flooding of the Nile. When the floodwaters receded, it left behind fertile silt, which added greatly to the nutrient level of soil for crops.

What kind of fish were caught in the Nile River?

Once captured, the fish were either clubbed or harpooned. Even today, fishermen use weir traps in various places throughout the world. The River Nile held a variety of fish, including Nile perch, tilapia, mullet, puffer fish, moonfish, mullets, carp, eels, elephant fish, catfish, and others.

How do fish survive in the Nile River?

During drought periods, mudfish bury themselves in the mud where they can survive for several months using a metabolism-slowing process called “aestivation” (similar to hibernation). Okay, so maybe it’s not so surprising that catfish are one of the more common species in the Nile.

Are there catfish in the Nile River?

Okay, so maybe it’s not so surprising that catfish are one of the more common species in the Nile. As bottom feeders, they can live on literally just about any kind of diet…including garbage. The Vundu catfish, a fish of many names across many countries, can grow up to 130 kg.

How was the Nile River dated?

It was dated to the Middle Kingdom of Egypt by extrapolating dates of ancient sites constructed along its course.