Do birds sleep in the morning?

What happens to birds during SWS?

Once the flight data recorders were recovered and analyzed, the researchers discovered some surprising things. The birds remained awake during the day, but as the sun set, and as they went into soaring mode (as opposed to active foraging mode), they went into SWS for durations lasting up to several minutes.

What is the relationship between age and SWS?

Aging is inversely proportional to the amount of SWS beginning by midlife, so SWS declines with age. Sex differences have also been found, such that females tend to have higher levels of SWS compared to males, at least up until menopause. There have also been studies that have shown differences between races.

What are the factors that affect SWS?

Though SWS is fairly consistent within the individual, it can vary across individuals. Age and gender have been noted as two of the biggest factors that affect this period of sleep. Aging is inversely proportional to the amount of SWS beginning by midlife and therefore, SWS declines with age.

How does SWS affect memory processing?

An increased level of cholinergic activity during SWS is known to be disruptive for memory processing.

Why do some birds drink more water than others?

There have been some strains of birds, and individual birds within a strain, that have water intakes approaching double that of ‘normal’ birds. While genetic selection has markedly reduced the incidence of such birds, the possibility exists for high water intake of a flock to be genetically related.

How do slow oscillations (SWS) affect memory consolidation?

There is now convergent evidence that SWA and the slow oscillations represent a central mechanism conveying the beneficial effect of SWS on memory consolidation, in particular in the declarative memory system (see sect. II D ).

Is rem or SWS more important for the processing of song Memories?

Whether SWS or REM sleep is more important for the processing of song memories during sleep cannot be answered, as RA burst activity appeared to be equally affected in both sleep stages ( 1063 ).

Do spindles mediate the genetic link between sleep and memory?

With regard to non-REM sleep, spindles have been consistently revealed to be associated with memory-related parameters and thus represent a most promising candidate mediating a genetic link between sleep and memory.

Do SW-Rs play a role in memory consolidation?

Two recent studies in rats demonstrated a causal role of SW-Rs in memory consolidation ( 340, 458 ). In both studies, emergent ripple events were selectively disrupted by electrical stimulation during the rest period after learning, without disturbing sleep, which distinctly impaired consolidation of the acquired spatial memories.

What is the function of mchergic neurons during REM sleep?

MCHergic neurons are silent during wakefulness (W), increase their firing during slow wave sleep (SWS) and still more during REM sleep (REMS). Studies in knockout mice for MCH (MCH (-/-)) have shown a reduction in SWS and an increase of W during the light and the dark phase of the light-dark cycle. ^ Torterolo P, Lagos P, Monti JM (2011).

Does sleep affect memory in birds?

The majority of research on the role of sleep for memory in birds has employed developmental models of learning (filial imprinting and song learning). There is some evidence that sleep in birds, like in mammals, also benefits memory formation in adult brains.

What is the difference between slow wave and REM sleep?

The second section of the wave signifies an “up state”, an excitation or depolarizing phase in which the neurons fire briefly at a high rate. The principal characteristics during slow-wave sleep that contrast with REM sleep are moderate muscle tone, slow or absent eye movement, and lack of genital activity. : 291, 293

How does circadian rhythmicity affect memory consolidation?

The integration of many inputs in the hippocampus affects memory consolidation at both the cellular and the systems level, leaving the molecular connections between circadian rhythmicity and memory relatively obscure but ripe for investigation. Keywords: circadian, hippocampus, long-term memory, oscillation, sleep Glossary

Are slow oscillations critical for the consolidation of hippocampus-dependent memories during sleep?

In conclusion, there is now good evidence that SW-Rs are critically involved in the consolidation of hippocampus-dependent memories during sleep. The fine-tuned temporal relationship between the neocortical slow oscillations, thalamic spindles, and hippocampal SW-Rs originates from a top-down control of the slow oscillation on the two other events.

What is the role of sleep in memory consolidation in rats?

Binder S, Baier PC, Mölle M, Inostroza M, Born J, Marshall L. Sleep enhances memory consolidation in the hippocampus-dependent object-place recognition task in rats. Neurobiol Learn Mem 97: 213–219, 2012 [ PubMed] [ Google Scholar]

Are spindles involved in the hippocampo-neocortical exchange of memory information during sleep?

Together these findings provide first hints that spindles are implicated in the hippocampo-neocortical exchange of memory information mediating active system consolidation during sleep.

Is sleep-dependent memory formation influenced by genetics?

Specifically, they suggest that the genetic determination of sleep, particularly of SWS-related measures and spindles, does not substantially contribute to sleep-dependent memory formation processes, as these parameters do not appear to be associated with each other on the interindividual level.

What are the stages of slow wave sleep?

Slow-wave sleep. Slow-wave sleep (SWS), often referred to as deep sleep, consists of stage three (combined stages 3 and 4) of non-rapid eye movement sleep. Initially, SWS consisted of both Stage 3 (N3), which has 20-50 percent delta wave activity, and Stage four (N4), which has more than 50 percent delta wave activity.

How do sleeping tegus differ from REM sleep?

In contrast to the wake-like brain activity that traditionally defines REM sleep, sleeping tegus exhibit a novel 15-Hz brain oscillation, associated with rapid eye movements, that is not present during wakefulness.

Is REM sleep a function of disinhibition or inhibition?

By contrast, REM sleep is marked by minimal levels of inhibition throughout the brain; thus, the brain activity that is detected during REM sleep (see below) is a function of disinhibition. (In this paper, I emphasize activation of the forebrain during REM sleep, but the cerebellum, brainstem and spinal cord are also activated during this stage.

How does REM sleep work in the brain?

To act as a unified system, neurons need to be connected to one another and activated in temporal and chemical unison. REM sleep does just that through its activation and neuromodulatory functions (see below), on which the differentiation of dreaming and waking consciousness depends.

What is AIM model of REM sleep?

A three-dimensional AIM model ( Fig. 4) describes different states of the brain and shows how they vary over the course of a day and night in adult humans. The model cannot yet explain the regional differences in brain activity that distinguish REM sleep from waking.

Does sleep affect sleep dependent memory consolidation?

Genzel L, Dresler M, Wehrle R, Grözinger M, Steiger A. Slow wave sleep and REM sleep awakenings do not affect sleep dependent memory consolidation. Sleep 32: 302–310, 2009 [ PMC free article] [ PubMed] [ II. OVERVIEW OF APPROACHES AND CONCEPTS III. MEMORY REACTIVATIONS DURING SLEEP IV. SLEEP-SPECIFIC ELECTRICAL OSCILLATIONS VI.